Explaining a concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Explaining a concept - Essay Example Perennialism can be understood to be the â€Å"conservative† approach in that it argues that the same tried and true methods and subject matter should continue to be taught to the next generation of students do the fact that it is both tried and true and has informed the preceding generations. On the other hand, progressivism takes the more â€Å"liberal† approach in positing that individuality, progress, and change are key cornerstones of a truly great education (Labaree 281). As a means of providing an explanation for the concept of progressivism, this brief paper will to approach this particular educational approach in a way which will seek to shed light on whether such a concept is in fact the best concept to engage students with and to provide a higher degree of educational success and interaction. The progressivist concept of education places a high degree of emphasis upon the experience of the individual as well as the changing ways in which new material and old material alike can help to better hone the quality of education that the student is able to achieve. At its core, the concept engenders the belief that individuals will most benefit by studying those materials which most directly impact upon their own lives. Although such an approach is most certainly less concrete than that of the perennialist’s approach to education, it nonetheless is able to take into account the transforming needs that our society and the world in general is placing upon the educational system and the individual student. A secondary component of the concept is the understanding that it is necessarily a more visual concept than that of the perennialist’s approach. This is mainly due to the fact that the perennialist’s approach hinges upon the primary data sources and methods of learning that have been in existence since the dawn of knowledge. However, the fact of the matter is that these rather stodgy and non-visual means to engage the pupil have

Jacques Family Case study Essay Example for Free

Jacques Family Case study Essay Domestic violence has several mitigating approaches, and the health care approach has proved to be fruitful. By gathering feedback from victims of domestic violence in a health care setting, has helped to create awareness as well as demystify the phenomenon eventually helping to create more accurate intervention strategies (Enos et al, 2004.p 4). It has also been noted from studies that children who grow up in homes where they experience domestic violence are likely to be perpetrators of the same in their adult life (National Resource Centre on Domestic Violence, 2002. p 6). The co-occurrence of child abuse and intimate partner violence is an issue that needs to be professionally addressed. The impact on domestic violence on children cannot be explained by one theory. Assumptions about the Jacques family There is a co-occurrence of child abuse and intimate partner violence in the Jacques family. This is seen when Jacques physically abuses Samuel when the boy tries to help his mother from the father’s attack. Jacques verbally abuses Samuel, as seen in the case study. The husband, Jean Jacques is an unstable man, with an inclination towards violence. This is likely to be a medical condition. Jean has a manipulative attitude and domineering towards his family. Marie suffers from depression as a result of the continued violence and a feeling of having wasted her life by not pursuing the nursing course. Marie has had a troubled childhood and early adulthood as is stated in the case study. Her father physically abused her. Samuel’s father actually abused her sexually as evidenced by her feelings to go for an abortion. Marie is basically a responsible and intelligent woman. Marie has not contributed to the violence in the family in any way. The family has lost close ties with their paternal relatives/extended family. The children feel a sense of insecurity towards their father and suffer from various behavioral/ attitudinal disorders (National Resource Centre on Domestic Violence, 2002. p 7). Data, facts, information, and observations about this family Jean Jacques is an unstable man, with an inclination towards violence is evidenced by the fact that when Samuel tries to intervene to save his mother Jean violently throws the boy across the room and ignores the cries of the little children Valerie and Miranda. The fact that jean used a baseball bat to batter his wife proves he has an inclination towards violence as well as being of relatively unstable mind. He does not need to use a base ball bat. The injuries sustained, and the feelings of depression by Marie demonstrate the extent of the violence. Marie has grown to fear her husband and fearing he will come home from jail to kill her demonstrates this. Jean would hit Marie for no reason, yell at the kids and use abusive language towards Sammy who is not his son. He has an alcoholic problem. He even abandons his family and goes away. Has trouble sleeping and claims he hears strange voices. He feels scared of himself. His violent outbursts cause his family to be denied the services of homeless shelters. A social worker had to intervene for the family to get admission to a domestic violence shelter. Jean has a manipulative attitude and domineering towards his family. This is seen when he discouraged Marie from pursuing her dream in nursing. Jean discouraged his wife from visiting her family as well as discouraging her family to visit her. He domineered over her denying her the right and freedom of association by becoming possessive and consequently Marie had no friends. Marie suffers from depression. She has lost motivation to be productive. She has no motivation to seek employment, perform her household chores, and provide quality parenting to her children. Marie has had a troubled childhood and early adulthood. She was physically abused by her father. The father of her first child Samuel sexually abused her at age 19 years. She was vulnerable and hence fell for Jean who promised her a better life and security. Marie is basically a responsible and intelligent woman. She expresses desire to be supportive of her husband as a duty. She desires to pursue nursing to support her family.   Marie has attempted to restore their relationship. She suspects that jean is having a drug problem. This is found to be true when the family comes back from Bahamas. She took Jean back after one year when Jean supposedly went back to his medication and started applying for jobs. Marie graduated from high school with straight A’s. The family has lost close ties with their paternal relatives/extended family. There is no mention in the case study of Jeans relatives and the Child Protective Services Caseworker could not trace any relatives. The children feel insecure about their father. Samuel tries to save his mother from the violent attack while Joshua calls the police.   Samuel does not feel attached to Jean anymore. Jean is not essentially a bad man. In their initial years in marriage Jean was a responsible man and took care of Sammy as his own child. Though he is violent towards his wife he apologizes for the violence. He agrees to seek psychiatric advice upon Marie’s request. Jean makes his family more comfortable when he gets employed. He agrees to let Marie take the children to Bahamas. Concerning the children Samuel is 13 years old and feels like he no longer belongs to this family. He is constantly teased by the siblings as well as Jean for being black. He suffers from attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disorder. He is academically average and manages to get C’s and D’s. He is getting into more problems at school including fights and poor academic performance. Molests younger children at school and is physically and verbally aggressive to his younger siblings. He copies Jean’s behavior in that he has physically attacked his mother. He is unfriendly. His accomplishments in karate programs demonstrate his inclination towards violence. Joshua is 11years old, he is obese and reserved. He is academically average and manages to get B’s and C’s. He has one friend Joe, and wishes his friend’s family were his family. He sees Joe’s family as normal people and this means that he sees his family as abnormal. He feels that his father would have killed his mother had he not called in the police. He is having trauma and yet he cares for his father. He is at risk of failing as a result of traumatic experiences. Has personality problems, he refuses to bathe. He loves solitude. He is a responsible child, helpful in the house and loves school. Valerie is 9 years old. She is quiet and withdrawn child. She is kind and eager to please. She is above average and bright. She manages straight A’s. She is well liked by peers and teachers, though she does not socialize with her friends outside school. She is a responsible child and takes care of her younger siblings. She is friendly to Joshua but antagonistic towards Samuel. Miranda is 6 years old, she is a friendly but withdrawn child and does not perform well at school. She seems to be disturbed and disconnected from her immediate surroundings. Has nightmares that proves she is disturbed. Matthew is 4 years old. He does not seem to be doing well at school, he is very active physically with an inclination towards violence. He is basically uncooperative. Interpretation the information about this family  From the observations about the children in the Jacques family it is important to note that they all demonstrate varying degrees of emotional and psychological deficits. This has been found to be the case from studies conducted on children who have been exposed to domestic violence (National Resource Centre on Domestic Violence, 2002. p 6). The children in this family are unable to socialize with their peers as this is demonstrated by their unfriendliness and disability to keep friends. Children are likely to view themselves as the cause of the violence and feel held captive by their inability to stop the violence. This may most likely cause the child to internalize, and this situation is made worse by their inability to acquire social skills (National Resource Centre on Domestic Violence, 2002. p 7). Conclusions about this family The Jacques family needs medical interventions. From the observation in the case study it demonstrates Jacques has a medical condition and having exposed his entire family to the violence the whole family needs the relevant medical intervention for each age bracket. Studies have shown there does not exist a single intervention strategy that fits all cases (National Resource Centre on Domestic Violence, 2002. p 15). Treatment for this family Given that Marie has on several attempts tried to restore their relationship with Jacque it would be appropriate to engage the services of both the Domestic Violence programs (DV) and the Child Protective Services (CPS) more seriously. The CPS’s approach focuses on protecting the children while at the same time propagate the preservation of the family unit while the DV facilitates the safety of the victim. There are several joint programs between DV and CPS that would be helpful in this case (National Resource Centre on Domestic Violence, 2002. p 16). Empirical Studies Case 1; In handling Domestic violence related problems it is important to understand that factors such as age of the child, its gender, and the time that has passed since the last exposure to violence, the child’s attachment to the friendly parent and other important individuals and social supports in its life are the determining factors that influence the impact of the violence on the child (National Resource Centre on Domestic Violence, 2002. p 19). Case 2; The mistreat of children and violence against females are con-current. About 500,000 may be found by police during arrests for domestic violence. An overlap of between 30%-60% exists between violence against women and violence against children in the same families (National Resource Centre on Domestic Violence, 2002. p 20). Case 3; If safety and other pertinent interventions are not available the impact of the exposure to domestic violence and child abuse can spill over into the child’s adolescence. Young people who have been exposed to domestic violence at home are likely to replicate the violence (National Resource Centre on Domestic Violence, 2002. p 20). References Enos V, P., Linden, J, A., Tieszen, L., Bernstein, J. Brown, J. (2004) An Intervention To Improve Documentation Of Intimate Partner Violence In Medical Records. U.S Department of justice. Retrieved February 23, 2009 from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/207146.pdf Kelleher, K., Gardner, W., Coben, J., Barth, R., Edleson, J. Hazen, A., (2002). Co-Occuring Intimate Partner Violence and Maltreatment; Local Policies/Practices and Relationships to Child Placement, Family Services and Residence. U.S Department of justice. Retrieved February 23, 2009 from http;//www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/213503.pdf National Resource Centre on Domestic Violence. (2002). Children Exposed To Intimate Partner Violence. Retrieved February 23, 2009 from http://new.vawnet.org/Assoc_Files_VAWnet/NRC_Children.pdf

Anorexia and Bulimia :: Causes of Bulimia, Eating Disorders

Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa "When she was fourteen, a modeling agency said that her face was too fat. It was a death sentence." (Toronto Sun, 1994) Sheena Carpenter died in November 1993. She was found on the kitchen floor of her apartment by her mother. She was twenty-two years old. . . and weighed only fifty pounds. Sheena was just one of the alarming numbers of young women who become obsessed with the shape and size of their bodies, and suffer harmful, or in this case, fatal effects from eating disorders. At any given time, almost one out of every two women is on some sort of a diet, and this statistic is apparently reflected the revenues of the diet industry, currently a $33 billion a year industry. It should be noted that this estimate does not include profits generated by exercise or workout programs, gyms, health clubs, or cosmetic surgery. A recent national survey in the US reveled that the majority of women, when asked what would make them happiest, choose thinness over all other choices, even such thing as job promotion, romance, prestige and power. In fact, more women feared becoming fat, then feared dying. These statistics revel an alarming social problem that is reaching epic proportions. Although the topic of eating disorders has gained a larger audience within the last decade, the number of cases of eating disorders continues to rise at a resounding rate. Today many scientists are looking into possible causes for the onset of an eating disorder. The most prevalent and influencing factor is the media and society's view. They act as a controlling presence for susceptible individuals. â€Å" The socioculture pressure on today's adolescent and young women to be thin and attractive also play an important role in the development of eating disorders. Thinness in today's society is associated with self-control, attractiveness, intelligence, happiness , wealth and success. The media, fashion, and the diet industry exploit this myth by bombarding us with products and services designed to push us towards losing weight. As a result, it is not surprising to find that adolescents who are undergoing uncontrollable body changes and the onset of new emotional and sexual drives seek dieting in order to enhance their sense of self-control and acceptance by others.† Recently it has been discovered that a possible cause for eating disorders is due to an defective hormone. That hormone serotonin, said to activate in response to food, is still a mystery and even though it has some value as a blood clotting factor, but its functions have yet to be totally understood. At the current speed of progress however, it has been said that we

How write a compare contrast essay Essay

The Elements of a Compare-contrast Essay What is comparison? Explaining the similarities or points of connection between two ideas, people, or things to give the reader a deeper understanding of each What Is contrasting? Explalnlng the differences or points of disconnection between two Ideas, people, or Adapted from Webster’s Third New International Dictionary On what subjects can I write a successful compare-contrast essay? Your subjects will need to each be significant in their own right to merit discussion. They will also need to have some sort of relationship to each other so that showing hem side by side allows the reader to learn more about each. In other words, there must be a reason to compare them. Here are some reasons to compare and contrast. To consider two subjects side by side and show their distinctions. To choose between two things. To explain one subject In terms of another. What are the types of compare-contrast essays? Wrltlng Strategies for a Persuasive Essay 1. Read the question or essay prompt. Identify your topics and be sure that you understand what each really is. You may need to do a little research to be clear on this. 2. Decide what your purpose for writing is (to show distinctions, to choose, to xplain). 3. Develop a thesis statement. Remember that a thesis statement must be more than â€Å"X and Y have many differences and similarities. † Your thesis should reflect which purpose you chose. Example: â€Å"Examining the similarities and differences between the work of Hemingway and Fitzgerald allows us to see how the contexts of their lives affected their work. † 4. Decide what your points of similarity (connection) and difference (disconnection) will be. 5. Research! Find relevant, credible publications, web sites, and individuals that offer evidence that supports your tnesls ana nosen poln ts 0T connection ana Olsconnectlon. 6 The style in which compare-contrast essays are written Compare-contrast essays are similar to persuasive essays in a couple key ways: Point of view Level of personal voice Point of View and Personal Voice in Persuasive Essays A compare-contrast essay is almost always formal academic essay in which the writer presents a thesis, or. In most formal academic writing, the proper point of view for the essay is third person (using the pronouns he, she, it, they). It is 0K to use first person (l, me, we) in the conclusion INCORRECT: First person I think that Fitzgerald and Hemingway share many similarities despite their very different use of descriptive language. CORRECT: Third person Fitzgerald and Hemingway share many similarities despite their very different use of descriptive language. Evidence ; Citations Compare-contrast essays rely on a lot of direct evidence from several sources. You will need to quote extensively to be successful. Why use quotes? 1 . They demonstrate you read the available information closely. 2. They serve as concrete evidence to support your position 3. They demonstrate a deeper level of understanding, which is persuasive to readers. Where can evidence come from? What can I quote from? Books, films, newspaper articles, credible websites, newscasts, etc. What cant I use? Wikipedia, encyclopedias, other student essays, interviews with non-experts, etc. How snou10 1 weave In quotes ana The S-C-C-C Format evidence? This is a very useful format for citations if you are not very familiar with citations and need to practice a tried and true method. As writers become experienced with citations, they can move away from this format and mix elements up as they see fit. 1 . Set it up. Set up the context that the quote is from, so that the reader knows when nd where the quote is from and who is doing the speaking/writing. 2. Citation. Write the quote out, in quotation marks. 3. Commentary: Explain how the quote supports your argument. (Commenting on the quote. ) 4. Commentary: further commenting on the quote EXAMPLE: According to a recent article in the Seattle Times,† seemingly sure bet that higher education will pay off can be upended by any number of factors: broken marriages, illnesses, lost Jobs, substandard schools and unrealized dreams. † (With no way out of trouble, more students likely to default, October 6, 2008). Students sed to feel that borrowing for college was always going to pay off, no matter what happened. Now, many are finding it harder to pay it back due to many factors. The Embedded Citation This is useful when you would prefer to pick out very small phrases to prove your points. Write your own sentence beginning, include the quote, and write your own sentence ending. The quote flows into and out of the sentence. EXAMPLE: Borrowing to pay for higher education used to be seen as a â€Å"sure bet† but now some students are finding that their plans to repay student loans can be disrupted by â€Å"†¦ oken marriages, illnesses, lost Jobs, substandard schools and unrealized dreams. † (With no way out of trouble, more students likely to default, October 6, 2008). These unexpected obstacles may repayment difficult if not impossible How to Write Commentary Of all the skills students must learn in writing, writing commentary is considered the most difficult. Writing comment ary means giving your own opinion and interpretation aoout sometnlng, wnlcn requlres a nlgner level 0T tnlnKlng tnan most students are used to using. Using commentary makes an essay interesting to read and shows that ou can analyze and evaluate information. When you write commentary, you are commenting on a point you have made with evidence. Synonyms for commentary: analysis – breaking an idea into its parts interpretation – reading between the lines of an idea insight – adding personal experience to the explanation of an idea evaluation – judging the quality or validity of an idea explication/explanation – explaining what an idea means discussion – – explaining what an idea means speculation – trying to predict what will happen if an action is taken or an idea is accepted Source: Jane Schaeffer Publications, Style Analysis (1998) The Basic Outline for a Compare-contrast Essay Example of a Subject by Subject Essay Introduction Thesis statement: Despite the fact that television and radio are distinctly different media, they use similar strategies to appeal to their audiences. Television Audiences Point One: Techniques for appealing to men Point Two: Techniques for appealing to women Point Three: Techniques for appealing to children Raalo Aualences Techniques for appealing to men Point One. Techniques for appealing to women Point Two. Conclusion: Restatement of thesis or review of key points. Source: Kirszner and Mandell (1998). Example of a Point by Point Essay Thesis statement: While both Republicans, presidential candidate Mr. X is definitely more conservative than presidential candidate Mr. Y is. Fiscal Policy Mr. Y Gun Control Abortion Welfare I ransltlons Think of a transition as a bridge from one thought or idea to another. It shows how one sentence or idea relates to another and also directs the thinking to a new focus. A transition may be one word, a short phrase, a sentence or entire paragraph. The following list cites several transition words and phrases and their meaning. Meaning Transitions Along the same direction of thought and, also, besides, furthermore, in addition, for the same reason, whereupon, moreover, whereby, indeed, similarly, likewise, but Contrast but, yet, instead, nevertheless, notwithstanding, still, although, whereas, on the contrary, not only, but also Comparison in fact, indeed, moreover, than, as†¦ as, so†¦ as. Affirmative alternative or, anyhow, moreover, still, else, whereas, whether, either†¦ or. Negative alternative nor, neither, however, instead, otherwise, on the contrary, nevertheless, except that, only, whereas, neither†¦ nor. Cause, result, reason or, so, accordingly, as a result, hence, as, consequently, thereby, therefore, thus, that, so that, inasmuch as, in order that, since, whereas, why. Condition although, as if, as though, though, provided, providing, unless, if, lest, once. Example for example, in fact, indeed, for instance, namely Exception although, in so far as, though, unless, while, notwithstanding, in fact that. Time henceforth, meanwhile, than, next, once, as long as, as soon as, before, once, since, until, when, whenever, while, at length, first†¦ second†¦ third, till.

How to Write a Paragraph Essay

Writing a paragraph does not simply involve throwing words into the pool, hoping that it would create something meaningful. One must first create an outline in order to organize the scattered ideas before dedicating words into the paragraph. When writing a paragraph, one must start off with a â€Å"hook† sentence which can attract readers and encourage them to read more. That would be applicable to the introductory paragraph only. The succeeding paragraphs should contain a topic sentence rather than the â€Å"hook† sentence. After every topic sentence, the writer should support it with ideas that are related to the topic sentence’s idea. This actually composes the body of the paragraph. This part of the paragraph should be clear and concise. The writer must not use wordy sentences since it takes up a lot of space. Finally, one must conclude each paragraph by summarizing the ideas into one sentence and creating a transitional sentence which can relate the paragraph to the next. For introductory paragraphs, the last sentence should be the thesis statement of the whole paper. So when writing a paragraph, the writer should always start with an outline to organize his or her scattered ideas. This is where every paragraph should begin.

Arrays in Mathematics

Arrays in Mathematics In  math, an array refers to a set of numbers or objects that will follow a specific pattern. An array is an orderly arrangement (often in rows, columns or a matrix) that is most commonly used as a visual tool for demonstrating  multiplication and division. There are many everyday examples of arrays that help with understanding the utility of these tools for quick data analysis and simple multiplication or division of large groups of objects. Consider a box of chocolates or a crate of oranges that have an arrangement of 12 across and 8 down rather than count each one, a person could multiply 12 x 8 to determine the boxes each contain 96 chocolates or oranges. Examples such as these aid in young students understanding of how multiplication and division work on a practical level, which is why arrays are most helpful when teaching young learners to multiply and divide shares of real objects like fruits or candies. These visual tools allow students to grasp how observing patterns of fast adding can help them count larger quantities of these items or divide larger quantities of items equally amongst their peers. Describing Arrays in Multiplication When using arrays to explain multiplication, teachers often refer to the arrays by the factors being multiplied. For example, an array of 36 apples arranged in six columns of six rows of apples would be described as a 6 by 6  array. These arrays help students, primarily in third through fifth grades, understand the computation process by breaking the factors into tangible pieces and describing the concept that multiplication relies on such patterns to aid in quickly adding large sums multiple times. In the six by six array, for instance, students are able to understand that if each column represents a group of six apples and there are six rows of these groups, they will have 36 apples in total, which can quickly be determined not by individually counting the apples or by adding 6 6 6 6 6 6 but by simply multiplying the number of items in each group by the number of groups represented in the array. Describing Arrays in Division In division, arrays can also be used as a handy tool to visually describe how large groups of objects can be divided equally into smaller groups. Using the above example of 36 apples, teachers can ask students to divide the large sum into equal-sized groups to form an array as a guide to the  division of apples. If asked to divide the apples equally between 12 students, for example, the class would produce a 12 by 3 array, demonstrating that each student would receive three apples if the 36 were divided equally among the 12 individuals. Conversely, if students were asked to divide the apples between three people, they would produce a 3 by 12 array, which demonstrates the Commutative Property of Multiplication that the order of factors in multiplication does not affect the product of multiplying these factors. Understanding this core concept of the interplay between multiplication and division will help students form a fundamental understanding of mathematics as a whole, allowing for quicker and more complex computations as they continue into algebra and later applied mathematics in geometry and statistics.

ben franklin essays

ben franklin essays Benjamin Franklin, one of the most important people of the new American Dream was born in Boston in January 1706 to a tradesman and a homemaker. It seemed unlikely that Benjamin Franklin would succeed in becoming one of the shapers of the American dream. Josiah Franklin, his father, a young Dyer in England with his first wife Anne and his three children, Josiah, Hanna, Samuel, and Elizabeth left England and came to Boston in 1683. In the begging society of Boston population 5,000 they seemed not to be in need of Josiahs skills forcing him to find a new trade candle and soap making. Many years later Anne Franklin died from complication of giving birth to her seventh child. Franklins father soon married Abaih Folger of Nantucket who went on to have ten more children who Benjamin was the eight child. From Benjamins point of view his mother was a very caring and loving person. James Franklin, Benjamins older brother had already become a printer by the age of twenty-one. Seeing the opportunity Benjamin signed on with his brother for nine years in 1718. The contract committed Benjamin to work for his brother nine years until the age of twenty-one. The new work opened doors for Benjamin. Through his brothers dealings with booksellers, Benjamin was exposed to a great deal of literature and philosophy. Benjamin franklins talent and ingenuity were instrumental in making his brothers business a success. James had a contract for printing the Boston Gazette. After ten months the contract had ended and was transferred to a rival printer. This angered Benjamin so he started his own newspaper, The New England Courant, in august 1721. Benjamin was assigned to the duty of composing the type and printing the pages. He was also in charge of distributing to reach more readers. Inspired by the dream of becoming a writer Benjamin, ascertain that his brother would not publish any of his work began slipping his work un...

How to Introduce Yourself in Spanish

How to Introduce Yourself in Spanish No matter how little Spanish you know, its easy to introduce yourself to someone who speaks Spanish. Here are three ways you can do it: Introduce Yourself: Method 1 Simply follow these steps, and youll be well on your way to making a connection with someone even if that person doesnt speak your language: To say hello or hi, merely say Hola or OH-la (rhymes with Lola; note that the letter h is silent in Spanish).To introduce yourself, simply say Me llamo (may YAHM-oh) followed by your name. For example, Hola, me llamo Chris (OH-la, may YAHM-oh Chris) means Hi, Im Chris.To ask someones name in a formal way, say  ¿Cà ³mo se llama usted? or KOH-moh say YAHM-ah oo-STED. (The oo rhymes with moo.) This means, What is your name?In an informal setting, or if speaking to a child, say  ¿Cà ³mo te llamas? or KOH-mo tay YAHM-ahss. That also means, What is your name?After the person responds, you may say, Mucho gusto or MOOCH-oh GOOSE-toh. The phrase means much pleasure or, less literally, pleased to meet you. Introduce Yourself: Method 2 This second method may be a slightly less common way of introducing yourself, but its still perfectly acceptable and is easier to learn. Most of the steps are the same as above, but for the second step, where you actually introduce yourself, merely say Hola followed by soy and your name. Soy is pronounced basically the same as it is in English. Hola, soy Chris means Hello, Im Chris. Introduce Yourself: Method 3 The third method also isnt as common as the first in most areas, but it may be the most straightforward way for those who have English as a first language. For the second step, you can use Mi nombre es or mee NOHM-breh ess followed by your name. Thus, if your name is Chris, you can say: Hola, mi nombre es Chris. Whichever method you use, dont be afraid to sound silly. Youll be understood by following these directions, and in nearly any Spanish-speaking area even the feeblest attempts to speak Spanish will be honored. Spanish Introductions The most common way to introduce yourself in Spanish is to say  Me llamo followed by your name.Alternatives include Mi nombre es or Soy followed by your name.Hola can be used for either  hi or hello. Grammar and Vocabulary Behind These Introductions You dont need to understand the precise meanings of what youre saying or how the words relate to each other grammatically to introduce yourself. But if youre curious, or if youre planning on learning Spanish, you may find them interesting to know. As you might have guessed, hola and hello are basically the same word. Those who know etymology, the study of word origins, think the word goes back to at least the 14th century, before English and Spanish existed in their current form. Although it is unclear how the word entered Spanish, it probably originated with German as a way of trying to get someones attention. Me in the first method above means myself (obviously, theres an etymological connection with the English me), and llamo is a form of the verb llamar, which usually means to call. So if you say Me llamo Chris, thats a direct equivalent of I call myself Chris. Llamar is used in many of the same ways as to call is, such as for calling out to someone or calling someone on the telephone. In both Spanish and English, verbs in which the person is referring to doing something to him- or herself are known as reflexive verbs. The reason two methods are used with llamar for asking someones name is because Spanish differentiates between formal and informal (sometimes called formal and familiar) ways of addressing people. English used to do the same thing - thou, thee and thine were all informal terms at one time, although in modern English you and your can be used in both formal and informal situations. Although there are regional variations in how Spanish distinguishes between the two forms, as a foreigner you are safer in using the formal form ( ¿Cà ³mo se llama _____?) with adults and especially with authority figures. Soy is a form of the verb ser, which means to be. In the final method, mi nombre es is a word-for-word equivalent of my name is. Like soy, es comes from the  verb ser.

Documenting the Media Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Documenting the Media Revolution - Essay Example Broadband Policy and Competitiveness†). One of the leading US associations, the Entertainment Software Association (ESA), stated that 49% of US households are delicately assuming the use of console through playing various computer games and it is not only affecting the teenagers but also the other varied age groups. Contextually, it also needs to be highlighted that the Internet is not only influencing the use of television simultaneously – it is becoming a great challenge for other mass communication media, i.e., newspaper, journal and books, to cope with the ever-increasing reach of the Internet (â€Å"Who is Playing†). Thesis Statement The paper intends to shed light on various factors regarding how the continuous increase in the use of computer as well as the Internet has vastly affected the habits of watching television. This is not only a concerning issue for the US but also has posed a great challenge to the other communication media throughout the world, e specially in developed and developing countries. Through the enormous effort of the World Wide Web (WWW) and with the emergence of a number of technological marvels created by a few software developers, it has resulted in significant changes in terms of the process of traditional TV viewership by providing various interesting ways of spending leisure time. Question 1 With regard to the first question in terms of the decreasing amount of viewership of TV by the teenagers and other age groups and enormous development of the Internet usage, various scholars and researchers have worked dedicatedly to find out the actual reason behind it. In relation to this crucial aspect, The New York Daily News (NYDN) provided a statistics of Nielsen’s research report on 19th September, 2012, showing that Americans spend around five hours a day watching TV. However, the report also has shown a significant concerning factor that the teenagers in between the age group of 12-17 are not interested in traditional TV watching. As a result, they are only spending around 3 hours for entertainment purposes among which most of the time they are watching videos via smartphones (â€Å"People Watch More Television†). The enormous indulgence in computer and the Internet has not only touched the teenagers but also has shown a significant spread amid various age groups till sixty years. This is because as per the obtained figures, it has come into light that only people belonging to the age group more than sixty spend approximately eight hours a day watching television. On the other hand, as per the report publication of The Telegraph of the United Kingdom, it is quite apparent that the Americans are in the number one position in terms of Internet surfing in the worldwide context (â€Å"Americans Spend Most Time on the Internet†). Besides Internet surfing in terms of video game playing, the Entertainment Software Association (ESA) provided a report showing that the average age group is 30 in

Essay about the novel Metamorphosis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About the novel Metamorphosis - Essay Example ?He is even more worried when the chief clerk reaches home to enquire why he has not turned up to work when he is required to complete some important task. Gregor’s family is not sure whether the vermin is their son. The family has tried to provide food and shelter for the vermin though the aspect of comfort is not given to him. He is not allowed out of his room to mingle with the members of the family and continue to have the good life he earlier had. Despite his physical condition, Gregor wants to complete his assignments for the day and wonders how his family will live without his earning because his father was already in debt. He is also worried that his mother cannot work due to her illness. He thinks "of his family with emotion and love." He also learns that in the absence of his earnings, all the members of the family have taken up work and they have also lent out room for lodgers. Gregor’s sister Grete used to serve him food and clean up his room. The maid of the house is fired and is replaced by a charwoman. The charwoman is the only woman who sympathizes with Gregor and talks to him. The human mental condition of Gregor is further revealed when he get’s out of his room following his sister to find medicine for their mother, who collapses seeing the vermin. Gregor is badly punished by his father for getting out of his room by throwing an apple and Gregor gets hurt, unable to move. This also reveals that Gregor’s father has reached a good financial position and wants to get rid of Gregor to maintain authority on the family. The sight of Gregor is fearsome for his mother, though his sister feeds him with his favorite food for which he has no penchant now. Though Gregor yearns to talk to their family and spent time with them, he is not allowed to get out of his room. But the music played by Grete takes him out of his room to teach his sister to play the right notes. The lodgers are astonished seethe creature and cries out to leave without paying

Macroeconomic risk and financial risk to the financial system in Research Paper

Macroeconomic risk and financial risk to the financial system in developed countries - Research Paper Example Discussions Public Debt Nature of the risk Public debt means the amount of money which the government of any country owes to its creditors ; both foreign and domestic. The total debt for OECD countries has risen from 73 % of the GDP in 2007 to 106 % of the GDP in 2012 (OECD 2011).There are some developed countries like Greece , Italy and Portugal and Japan which have had historically higher level of debt. However the worry is that even countries like USA and UK are have now levels of debt which may be unsustainable in the long run. The debt level of United States has risen from 60 % in 2006 to 109% in 2012.The Euro zone is already suffering from the debt crisis and no immediate solution to the problem seems to be in sight. Causes of the risk The first question which comes to mind is reasons due to which high public debt exists. The simple reason for the high debt situation is because government of a country spends more than it earns. Public Debt can actually boost long term growth of the economy if it is used in building productive assets like infrastructure which invite more investment and increases the GDP of the country. However the problem in the developed countries has been that increasing amount of debt has been used to finance non productive activities. United States has been engaged in the decade long war on terrorism which has led to increased military spending and thus higher debt. High levels of pension and social security have been blamed for the Euro zone crisis which is again an unproductive spending (Sanderatne). The immediate reason for the debt levels of developed world to raise post 2006 has been the financial crisis of 2008 and the stimulus packages given by governments to bail out banks and to kick-start the economy (OECD 2011). The US government provided a fiscal stimulus package of $831billion.The problem could have been solved if this stimulus led to an increased growth but the world suffered from a double dip recession which has caused t he developed countries to be in a precarious situation – GDP levels still remain low and the countries have a high debt on their hands. Consequences of High Public Debt High public debt has shown to have impact on the following areas – private savings , public investment , total factor productivity and the real interest rates. When government borrows more, it means that there is limited amount of money available to private investors which leads to lower private investment, lower growth of industries and thus lower employment and wages (Checherita and Rother.). Studies conducted by various researchers such as Manmohan Kumar and Jaejoon Woo for the IMF illustrate that once countries breach the 90 % level of debt , their GDP growth declines by as much as 30 %.Similar results have been obtained by studies which were conducted by the National Bureau of Economic Research (Kumar and Woo.). Debt taken by the government also

Radiography Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Radiography Skills - Essay Example In addition, this distance is important in bringing sharper images and details of the delicate structures of the lungs. While doing the radiographic image of the body chest, an oblique sternum in the LAO position is not preferred. This is because oblique sternum position is only about 15o and opens the body joint at a very close angle to with the image receptor and also projects the sternum onto the right as opposed to left positioning recommended. Oblique sternum positioning of the LOA therefore fails to demonstrate the best axillary portions of the body ribs and instead, an AP oblique projection is preferred (Ramlaul, 2010). While doing abdominal radiography, the filming must include diaphragms as it demonstrates fluid and free air levels. Chest must be included in the acute abdomen examination because it has muscles that are of great radiologic significance. Different chest X-rays imaging are preferred for expiration and inspiration. In particular, for an inspiration, posteroanterior (PA), a form of portable chest x-ray is preferred as it exposes the crowded inspiration organs, while AP form of chest X-ray is commonly used for expiration (Ramlaul,

System analysis and design course. Tools analysis and evaluation Term Paper

System analysis and design course. Tools analysis and evaluation - Term Paper Example The companies on the other hand are required to innovate on a consistent basis to remain alive in the competition of winning notable percentage of market share. The employees are needed to brush on their creativity as they have to develop new products and services in order to keep their jobs in the practical world. The organizational charts have been modified to add another department that goes by the name of Research and Development or New Product Development Department. The unit is added so that new offerings can be developed by allowing people to think out of the box. The prototypes of new products are developed and tested at a small scale by R&D and upon meeting success; these ideas are produced at vast level. The modern organizational philosophy requires the management to manage more than one research projects so that probability of developing a new offering can be significantly enhanced. The following organizational chart is sporting a separate Research Department that operates under the direct supervision of top management. Ideally, all project managers are expected to report directly to the top management and duplicity of command is avoided at all costs. The duplicity of command is avoided in order to give people confidence to think in a nontraditional fashion. The hierarchy chart highlights the relationships between various organizational levels. The featured change in the organizational structure was necessary because the companies in all industry had been faced with the challenge and need of housing innovation in order to cope with changing external environment. The Marketing and Sales or Administration department is asked to run PESTLE Analysis and Customer Preference Survey in order to evaluate the level of change in the external environment. The data is processed and new products are developed in the light of findings. The existing designs are modified and made more

Radiography Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Radiography Skills - Essay Example In addition, this distance is important in bringing sharper images and details of the delicate structures of the lungs. While doing the radiographic image of the body chest, an oblique sternum in the LAO position is not preferred. This is because oblique sternum position is only about 15o and opens the body joint at a very close angle to with the image receptor and also projects the sternum onto the right as opposed to left positioning recommended. Oblique sternum positioning of the LOA therefore fails to demonstrate the best axillary portions of the body ribs and instead, an AP oblique projection is preferred (Ramlaul, 2010). While doing abdominal radiography, the filming must include diaphragms as it demonstrates fluid and free air levels. Chest must be included in the acute abdomen examination because it has muscles that are of great radiologic significance. Different chest X-rays imaging are preferred for expiration and inspiration. In particular, for an inspiration, posteroanterior (PA), a form of portable chest x-ray is preferred as it exposes the crowded inspiration organs, while AP form of chest X-ray is commonly used for expiration (Ramlaul,

Comparing the Logistics Hubs of Worldwide Markets Research Paper

Comparing the Logistics Hubs of Worldwide Markets - Research Paper Example The potential for logistic hubs are studied, gaps in the logistic system are identified and recommended measures are suggested. The various trend and innovations in the logistics industry are considered in this report and suitable recommendation is given as to the strategies that the logistic hubs should take up to maintain their position in the fast-evolving logistics industry. Keywords The following keywords are used: logistics management, globalization, logistic hubs, logistics technologies, outsourcing. Introduction The advent of globalization, innovations in technology, mergers and acquisitions, consolidations and the boom of outsourcing have led to a huge growth in the logistics industry throughout the world. The logistics service providers are designing and implementing new services and capabilities to meet the new demands and expectations of the customers. With the evolution of a sophisticated logistics framework, the major logistics hubs in countries like Singapore, Hong Kon g, and New York are focusing on strategic approaches based on information rather than on the goods oriented commoditized approach. The customers are looking for all the services integrated into one point so as to avoid the complexities of involving a number of parties across the supply chain process. A single point of contact is preferred in today’s logistics market. The logistics market all around the globe has started adopting new models and new technologies to address the changing requirements of the market. The models are based on the levels of assets, collaborations, Information technology capabilities, and the scope of the services offered across the supply chain. The logistics model has evolved to a specialized function to fourth party logistics and Fifth party logistics. The third party logistics model has added capabilities and integration of the different operations in their model. The first party logistics and the second party logistics handle the storage of the as sets. Thus, they have higher asset intensity levels and lower barriers to entry. The fourth party logistics is an integrating model that puts together all the capabilities, resources and technologies to design and implement an enhanced supply chain service. The factors that create the highest opportunity for the logistics service providers are as follows: management of complex supply chains, comparatively high-value products, increased spending on logistics processes, decentralized logistics management, time sensitivity of the supply chain process and logistics management across multiple modes. The status of the logistics industry has considerably improved over the last few years. This improvement has been done due to the proper recognition of the following factors impacting the industry: High level of competition for both the users and the service providers which drives the continuous improvement in the operations. Increase in logistics opportunities and costs driving huge savings. Innovation in operational processes such as total quality management (TQM), just in time (JIT), time compression, flexible processes etc. (Carlson, 1989, p. 315). Growing need for adopting new technologies in order to identify and track goods.     

Womens’ Compulsive Obsession Essay Example for Free

Womens’ Compulsive Obsession Essay In â€Å"A Woman’s Beauty: Put Down or Power Source?† Susan ​ Sontag  ­ argues that women view beauty as an obligation and that they actually focus on their appearance more than who they are as a person. In the essay, Sontag provides the perspectives of both Christians and Greeks towards beauty and compares them to the superficial views of the present. Sontag stresses that women should direct their attention to other things rather than beauty. Beauty is put at such a high standard that women feel the need to be as beautiful as the women advertised. Basically, women endeavor to be appropriate and beautiful to attract men. Sontag also showcases that women believe that being beautiful will earn them a reputation and place in society, and that beauty brings power and success. According to Sontag, beauty is the only form of power that women are encouraged to seek. In our own time, beauty is administered as a form of self ­oppression. In the process of growing up, young women may forget how intelligent they are and their aspirations in life. A woman’s success in the society s depends on good looks, which are a great advantage in life.

DDC Technologies for Energy Management

DDC Technologies for Energy Management Introduction Ever since the energy crisis, when digital controls (then called EMCS for energy management and control systems) were unceremoniously ushered into widespread use for HVAC control, the industry has tried to make them look and act like the pneumatic controls they have superseded. Only occasionally are some of the profoundly expanded opportunities available with digital controls applied effectively. Furthermore, terms like reset schedule and direct acting, relevant only to pneumatic systems, are still commonly employed in what is now the digital controls era. While the process of transition to digital control technologies tolerates this mixed bag, a multitude of new demands are requiring our industry to move ahead and realize the full potential of digital control technologies. Building occupants are demanding more comfortable and higher quality environments. Building owners continue to press for greater economies in construction, operation, and maintenance. Finally, a variety of pressures are upon us to provide more precise control and documentation that standards for temperature, ventilation, and indoor air quality are being met. In this article, I will discuss how DDC technologies permit a new flexibility in the traditional rules concerning the need for linear signals and responses with input and output devices. When properly applied, this new flexibility can reduce the cost of DDC technologies. Next month, I will show how, by combining these fundamentals with emerging inter manufacturer controls integration, designers can achieve new horizons in performance and energy efficiency. HVAC Control System A HVAC control system is a computerized system for climate control in buildings. HVAC stands for humidity, ventilation , air-conditioning. Often, these integrate fire, security, and lighting controls into one system. These systems typically use one or more central controllers to command and monitor the remote terminal unit controllers, and they communicate with one or more personal computers that are used as the operator interface. These control systems are typically used on large commercial and industrial buildings to allow central control of many HVAC units around the building(s). The latest systems use the building ethernet for communications between central controllers, and allow operator access from a web browser. Direct Digital Control Central controllers and most terminal unit controllers are programmable, meaning the direct digital control program code may be customized for the intended use. The program features include time schedules, setpoints, controllers, logic, timers, trend logs, and alarms. The unit controllers typically have analog and digital inputs, that allow measurement of the variable (temperature, humidity, or pressure) and analog and digital outputs for control of the medium (hot/cold water and/or steam). Digital inputs are typically (dry) contacts from a control device, and analog inputs are typically a voltage or current measurement from a variable (temperature, humidity, velocity, or pressure) sensing device. Digital outputs are typically relay contacts used to start and stop equipment, and analog outputs are typically voltage or current signals to control the movement of the medium (air/water/steam) control devices.(Valves/dampers/motor speed) It was only natural that the first HVAC controllers would be pneumatic, as the engineers understood fluid control. Thus mechanical engineers could use their experience with the properties of steam and air to control the flow of heated or cooled air. To this day, there is pneumatic HVAC equipment in operation, which can be a century old, in some buildings, such as schools and offices. After the control of air flow and temperature was standardized, the use of electromechanical relays in ladder logic, to switch dampers became standardized. Eventually, the relays became electronic switches, as transistors eventually could handle greater current loads. By 1985, pneumatic control could no longer compete with this new technology. By the year 2000, computerized controllers were common. Today, some of these controllers can even be accessed by web browsers, which need no longer be in the same building as the HVAC equipment. This allows some economies of scale, as a single operations center can easily monitor thousands of buildings. Why Linear Devices? When pneumatic controls dominated our industry, building owners paid a high price for modulati n g l o o p p e r for m a n c e and stability. One of the prices paid was the requirement that input and output devices be linear with respect to the system variable they sensed or controlled. This need for linear response was essential to match the limited control capabilities of pneumatic controllers. A number of rules and conventions were established within our industry that made achieving this linear response requirement easier. Among these were the development of the equal percentage valve, which included the seemingly backwards rule of thumb that called for sizing control valves smaller than the pipe size. Similarly, mechanical sensing devices were constructed to provide linear change in control air pressure over their entire sensing range. While these conventions and rules of thumb served the days of pneumatics, they now need to be rethought. Requiring what I call external linearization in digital control designs adds costs in two ways. Linear devices are often more expensive than nonlinear devices that may offer improved levels of performance in DDC applications. Further, linear output conventions, such as designing a high pressure drop through valves or dampers, carry a substantial continuous operating energy penalty. By developing new rules and conventions, the knowledgeable designer can produce designs that have lower first and operating costs and may operate more reliably as well. Linear Devices in the DDC Era The need for linear response in modulating control loops has not been eliminated by the introduction of digital controls. While digital controls offer improved modulating control capabilities, including proportional/integral/derivative (PID) controllers, these control loops continue to be based on the principle of linear response, at least over certain ranges. However, in most typical applications, digital controls can easily internally linearize both input signals and output control functions. Internal Linearization of Inputs One way to reduce the cost of some DDC configurations is to permit nonlinear input devices and use the DDC system for scaling to achieve the correct reading over the range required for the application. I continue to see DDC specifications that limit the selection of input devices to those that provide a linear signal to the DDC system over a wide range of values. Except in special cases, this is an unnecessary requirement that adds costs and may cause other problems. Consider temperature sensors. Fig. 1 shows a resistance curve for an inexpensive thermistor type temperature sensor that may be employed for room temperature sensing. Thermistors are excellent choices for HVAC applications. They are inexpensive, have excellent accuracy and very low hysteresis, and respond quickly to temperature changes. Furthermore, at temperatures normally involved in HVAC applications, thermistors have excellent long-term stability (some care should be taken in choosing thermistors when temperature may rise above 240 F). Finally, because thermistors are typically high resistance (10,000 ohms is typical), they are not affected by variations in wiring distances. However, some designers continue to exclude thermistors because the input signal is not linear with temperature over wide temperature ranges. Instead, low impedance RTD type sensors are often specified. This type of sensor typically requires an electric circuit at the sensor that linearizes and transmits the signal in a way that it will not be affected by wiring resistance (usually a current loop signal is used). Employing low resistance RTD sensors with additional electronics presents a number of potential problems in DDC applications. First is the matter of accuracy. While the RTD sensors themselves provide excellent accuracy, it is not uncommon to find end-toend accuracies (I use end-to-end as the comparison of the value read by a precision thermometer at the device compared with the actual reading at the DDC system operators terminal) out of tolerance. Calibration of the current loop input may be more difficult than that of a simple resistance type thermistor. Other potential problems with RTDs range from the additional electronics (usually located at the device) that may complicate reliability issues all the way to how the Sensor curve 2 Nonlinear sensor resistance curve. The sensor performance curve is a smooth curve over the sensors operating pressure. The DDC linearized curve is a series of straight lines that closely approximates the sensors performance sensor and electronics are configured, which on occasion has been found to affect adversely the sensor signal. Table functions that are now readily available with DDC products can be employed to scale thermistors and other nonlinear devices over a wide range of values. Fig. 2 shows how a DDC system can linearize a continuous, nonlinear sensor input curve with a table function. A number of straight line curves are established in the table function to approximate closely the nonlinear function of the device. As long as simple, inexpensive devices can meet the repeatability, hysteresis, and stability requirements for an HVAC application, such devices should not be rejected because their signals are not linear. Requirement of Linear Output Once it is understood that input devices need not be linear, it is not a great leap to recognize that the response from output devices controlled by analog outputs similarly need not be linear. However, the issues here are more complex and more ingrained in the rules of thumb that engineers frequently apply automatically, so some indepth discussion is required. Because of the pneumatic background, valve design manuals commonly stress the need to select coil/valve combinations for which equal increments in valve position will effect equal increments in heat transfer of a typical heating or cooling coil throughout the stroke of the valve actuator. Fig. 3 shows how traditional design practice seeks to linearize the overall performance of valve and cooling coil. Carefully selecting a coil and valve combination can provide nearly linear performance over the entire range of load possibilities. Such selection is done because it is assumed that the valve will be operated by a controller with a fixed proportional gain. Though this design principle is still widely employed, it is no longer applicable in many modern HVAC applications. In VAV cooling coil applications, the variations of air flow and air/chilled water temperature characteristics act to change dynamically the heat transfer characteristics of the valve/coil arrangement as these parameters change. This makes it very difficult to select a valve/coil combination that will be linear through the variety of conditions that may accompany its operation. The higher performance of DDC systems permits designers much greater flexibility in the design of modulating controls without establishing static (and therefore unrealistic) design criteria. Fig. 4 shows a valve and coil combination that does not provide a linear response of valve position to coil capacity. However, modern DDC systems permit scaling tables to be applied to analog outputs as well as the inputs. Output scaling permits an inherently nonlinear device combination to respond in a linear fashion to signals from the DDC system. In this example, the valve and coil combination provides about 70 percent of the design cooling capacity at about 20 percent valve travel. The DDC output to the valve can be adjusted with the scaling table to position the valve at 20 percent travel at a 70 percent output signal from the DDC system. The scaling factor allows standard PID control to operate the valve effectively because of a software linearization of the valve/coil combination. However, the chilled water flow and heat transfer performance assumed for Fig. 4 is valid only for constant load-side flows and inlet temperatures and for constant chilled water supply temperatures. Whether inherent in the system design or for optimization reasons, rarely in real HVAC applications do these other variables remain constant as control loops operate. As previously discussed, the issue of linear output combinations has therefore been only weakly resolved in the past by attempting to linearize components at one set of system conditions. Obtaining good control over wide ranges of system conditions can be resolved far more completely and effectively with the higher performance capabilities of DDC systems. The proportional, integral, and derivative gains can be tied to algorithms that adjust their values as the variables such as load-side flow, temperatures, and chilled water temperature change. Even more impressive is the emergence of self-tuning controllers. These controllers continually re-establish the various gains associated with a control loop to provide continuously precise control without hunting. The benefits of self-tuning are especially important because variables beyond the immediate control loop can have profound and widely varying effects on each control loop. Self-tuning features are becoming widely available with DDC systems and are enormously effective in adjusting control loops to continue stable operation as other system variables change. Controllability As previously discussed, selecting equipment for linear response should not be an overriding consideration for designers in this era of digital controls. However, this does not mean designers can be imprecise in their designs or in the selection of control loop components. The issue of controllability is one that will continue to play a prominent role both in the design of systems and the selection of individual components. Controllability remains largely a sizing issue. If a valve is oversized for given conditions such that the smallest increment possible from the control loop will substantially overshoot the desired control conditions, the loop has become uncontrollable. This is a problem that typically emerges during periods of low load. Fully understanding the issue of controllability and applying DDC capabilities correctly allows designers to solve such problems and at the same time vastly improve the efficiency and performance of these systems. Selecting a control valve with a lower pressure drop will reduce the pumping power required to meet the load conditions. Traditional practice strongly condemns the idea of employing large valves with lower pressure drops because of the nonlinear response and the lack of controllability at low loads. Fig. 5 illustrates the dilemma. The valve/coil combination with Valve A may be selected according to traditional design practice because it is reasonably controllable at low loads. The vertical axis intercept represents the smallest incremental cooling transfer possible as the valve is cracked open. Note that it is small-only about 10 percent of the design maximum cooling rate. The coil combination with Valve B has a much lower pressure drop because Valve B is a larger size valve. While valve/coil Combination B would require less pumping power, the Y-axis intercept is much higher than that for Combination A. Traditional design criteria typically declare Valve B unsuitable for the application because it is uncontrollable at lower loads and the valve position/ cooling capacity relationship is nonlinear. But when it is integrated with a high-performance control system that can adjust both the chilled water temperature and the loop head pressure, will linearity and controllability of Combination B really be a problem? System Dynamics To see how this question can be answered, consider the graphs in Figs. 6 and 7. Fig. 6 shows the operation curves for valve/coil Combination B at a number of different approach (chilled water supply less air temperature leaving coil) temperature conditions. It is clear that increasing the chilled water temperature relative to the leaving air temperature markedly improves the controllability at low loads. Similarly, Fig. 7 illustrates that the decrease in pressure across the valve/coil combination also improves the controllability at low loads. Designers can use these relationships to reduce substantially the problem of controllability. At periods of uniform low loads, the DDC system can reduce the head pressure across a valve and increase the chilled water temperature to improve controllability. If all valves on a common chilled water loop experience similar decreases in load concurrently, as is typical in many HVAC applications, this parameter adjustment is a great help in improving controllability at low loads. It is apparent from the two figures that larger rangeability and low load controllability are achieved by controlling the chilled water temperature for load adjustment. Raising the chilled water temperature provides a bonus of chiller efficiency increases, but chilled water adjustment reduces pumping savings because a higher chilled water temperature increases the water flow necessary to meet loads. Additionally, under certain circumstances dehumidification requirements may limit the permissible chilled water adjustment. Exploiting the integrated control capabilities of DDC systems and controlling chilled water temperature and hydronic loop pressure in coordination with the control valves allows valve/coil Combination B to perform very well in many HVAC applications. Next month we will focus on the level of integration required to make valve/coil Configuration B operate effectively. We will discuss integrating the operation of the various equipment involved in providing comfort, possible now through the industry moves to provide communication bridges among manufacturers. By concentrating on selecting the most costeffective input/output devices and by utilizing the emerging communications pathways between equipment from various suppliers, we will see that new horizons of performance and energy efficiency can be attained with simple and economical controls configurations. Designers must exploit the benefits of higher performing DDC systems to develop an understanding of the fundamentals of interfacing hardware points to DDC systems. In so doing, a more in-depth look into total system operation must be evaluated before solutions are selected. Simply following traditional rules of thumb regarding linear input and output devices is a poor design practice in this digital controls era. DDC and Small and Medium Size Buildings The control of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems is changing as a result of applying direct digital control (DDC) techniques to HVAC control. This report outlines the main features of DDC compared with conventional pneumatic control and shows that, for small-to-medium-size buildings, the DDC system can pay for itself within two years, after which it affects net savings over pneumatic systems. Comparison between Pneumatic Control and DDC Direct digital control of HVAC systems is the direct monitoring of every system input (temperature, flow, pressure) and direct control of every system output (position, onlaff) from a central controller which is a single computer or combination of computers. DDC is a simple concept, but its significance is not obvious until it is compared with traditional forms of HVAC control. Traditionally, the control of HVAC systems was based on independent pneumatic controllers, which used compressed air t o operate the dampers and valve actuators t o control space condition such as temperature, humidity and fresh-air circulation. One building would have several such systems, which were controlled independently. For example, an air-handling system composed of two fans, three dampers and three valves (Figure 1) would be controlled by local pneumatic controllers which operated as independent units. Each controller had a simple task: to maintain a constant set point (for example, supply air temperature) by monitoring and controlling a very l i m i t e d number of variables connected to it by means of compressed air lines whose pressures represented the values of the variables. The control was adjusted mechanically by a technician in the field, and, as calibration of the pneumatic components was rarely carried out, these systems often did not control the building efficient ly. Because the pneumatic controllers were purely electromechanical devices, their sophistication and accuracy of control were extremely limited. A later variant (of pneumatic control) also employed pneumatic centrals, but w i t h the addition of a computer system. This computes system monitored some additional points (for example, space temperatures) and either calculated new set points for each pneumatic controller or allowed an operator at a computer terminal to transmit manual set points to the pneumatic controllers. Although this newer variant aided the building manager by providing more information about building conditions and performance, overall effective control of the building was still compromised by the local pneumatic controllers. Each controlled point was still operated by a pneumatic controller with very limited sophistication and virtually no flexibility. These limitations became more important as ways to manage energy became more sophisticated, Some WAC system, such as variable air volume (VAV) systems, required an accuracy of control not attainable in most cases by pneumatic controllers. As a result, building energy managers were frustrated by their inability to improve the control strategies without rebuilding the pneumatic control system for each change. DDC has solved both problems;. Instead of independent local pneumatic controllers, DDC uses control or monitoring points, each connected to a computer (or interconnected computers) which reads the value of each input and transmits commands to each output (Figure 2). The control strategies are implemented by computer programs, which can be changed by the operator at will. Also, each strategy has available to it the value of every system input instead of a very l i m i t e d local set. In short, under the DDC concept, the entire building operates as one integrated system rather than as independent srrrall systems. Four main results accrue: Control can be as simple or sophisticated as desired, and can be changed easily; The system is more reliable because fewer electromechanical components are needed; Control is more accurate because of the inherent greater accuracy of DDC electronic components; and Energy is saved because an overall strategy eliminates energy waste resulting from simultaneous heating and cooling, which usually occurs in pneumatic systems. The ability of DDC to accommodate virtually any control strategy has had a dramatic impact on mechanical design. Some new mechanical systems can operate in many different modes, depending on external conditions, space temperatures, season, condition of storage tanks, and utility-pricing structures. DDC allows such systems to be operated continuously in their optimum modes, a standard which simply cannot be attained by ordinary pneumatic systems or even pneumatic systems with computer monitoring. Consequently, mechanical designers are now free to d e s i g n the best energy system for a particular building with the assurance that whatever control strategies they specify can be carried out. Each loop at the remote processors can activate itself independent of the others; however, the most efficient use of energy is achieved by controlling all the loops through the central processor. Scheduling air-conditioning and heating loads and selectively dropping electrical loads if the total building power approaches the demand limit are two common energy optimization features available. Other features, such as optimal stop/start, which calculates the optimum starting and stopping times of heating/cooling units to prepare spaces for occupancy without wasting energy, are also used as part of an over-all strategy. Most of these optimization routines do not require any additional hardware since they are implemented by simply adding programs that sense existing inputs and change the strategy for controlling existing output actuators. The building owner or manager who uses DDC effectively needs feedback to evaluate his strategies for optimizing building performance. DDC simplifies this process because it continually monitors each input directly and has storage capacity to keep files of the historical data thus obtained. These historical data can be plotted in color on a TV screen or summarized and printed in report format for management review. The most advanced DDC systems (Figure 3) include a generalized report generator which can produce nee types of reports at any time rather than limit the user to the reports engaged when the system was procured* This feature of DDC i s particularly important since the owners power to change his energy strategy generally creates a need for new reports on energy-sensitive areas identified by continued use of the system. An ancillary benefit is the ability of the DDG system to include facilities other than WAC. With little increase in cost, factors such as control of security and lighting can be added to the system, thereby enabling greater energy savings and eliminating the need to purchase separate systems for badge reading and door-lock control. There is no doubt that DDC offers more effective energy management than conventional controls but, until very recently, its application to HVAC installations has been limited to large building complexes. Many small- and medium size building installations do not use DDC mainly because of its high cost. In the following sections a typical small building is analyzed and DDC is compared with pneumatic control on a cost and payback basis. Small Building Systems The cost of an HVAC controls Installation is generally related to the number of points t o be monitored or controlled, where each point is defined as an analog or digital input (e.g., temperature sensor, fan status switch) or analog or digital output (e.g. damper position or pump on/off control. Each building system, such as air handling, domestic hot water, or chilled water, includes a certain number of points. A recent study which included detailed analysis of a series of building HVAC system, showed that a small- to medium-size building of about 37,175 m2 (400,000 sq. ft .) would contain about 180 points, of which 35% would be analog inputs, 19% analog outputs, 25% digital inputs and 21% digital outputs. Although different building configurations and mechanical designs would affect the distribution of point types, the total number of points for a building of this size would usually be close to 180. Designing a DDC System Given the building layout and the number of points in HVAC equipment, the single greatest design trade-off is that between centralization and distribution of computer power. At the fully centralized extreme a single central computer controls all functions directly and all points are wired to it. At the other extreme (fully distributed), a smaller central computer is connected t o a myriad of other small computers, each of which is wired to 10 to 20 nearby points, In this second instance the central machine presides aver the whole system and controls the points through the intermediary of the remote processors. Each remote processor can control a single HVAC system (e.g. air-handling unit, chiller) independently. A median approach is to employ a moderate number of remote units each of which is wired to 50 t o 120 points. Although all these approaches utilize the benefits of DDC, the three levels of centralization/distribution involve three factors that must be weighed against one another. The first factor is the cost of computer hardware. The fully-centralized approach employs a single processor, which is the least expensive since it combines all the computing power in one place w i t h one enclosure and no duplication of functions. The fully-distributed approach requires the heaviest capital cost for computer hardware. The second factor is electrical installation cost. The fully distributed arrangement yields the lowest installation cost because each remote processor can be located very close to its points and thus wiring runs are short. The fully-centralized arrangement may be quite expensive unless all points are in one mechanical room. The median arrangement (Figure 4) may be the most economical over-all because four remote processors can be used, one in a penthouse, one in some other logical location such as a basement mechanical room, and others on various floors of the building. The third factor is reliability. The fully-centralized scheme is most sensitive to failure since failure of the single computer causes the entire system to fail. Although the system can be made to fail safely, a system failure is inconvenient. The fully-distributed scheme is least sensitive since any component computer can fail while still leaving all the others running, but, as previously mentioned, the cost of the computing equipment is highest. A median approach for small buildings makes good sense; a compromise on all factors is established by designing a system consisting of a central computer and four remote units. Cost Analysis: DDC versus Pneumatic Control The installed cost of DDC systems has traditionally been higher than for pneumatic sys tens, especially in small installations, where the cost of the DDC control processor is spread over fewer points. The cost of a pneumatic system tends to rise linearly with the number of points, as a large system requires more independent local controllers, whereas with DDC a central processor is required even for system with very few points. However, the rapidly falling cost of computing hardware has eroded the historical price difference between DDC and pneumatic installations. For a specific building of 37,175 m2 (400,000 sq. ft.), the installed cost of a pneumatic system is about 75% of the cost of a DDC system Although the initial cost of a DDC system is higher than for a pneumatic system, it can be recovered in a surprisingly short time . It is realistic to assume that a DDC system will yield a 10X% energy saving over and above conventional pneumatic control, due simply to its more accurate a nd sophisticated control, and t o its ability to provide the building owner with information about building performance and areas where energy should be better controlled. Features such as load shed and flexible scheduling alone will produce large energy savings, and these savings will increase as the owner becomes more familiar with the operation of the building. If we assume yearly maintenance costs of $12,000 and $10,000 for the DDC and pneumatic systems respectively, and an energy usage of 322 equivalent kWh/m2/yr. (30 kWh/sq.ft./yr.) at $0.0275 per kWh for both systems, it will take 1.4 years more for the DDC to pay for itself than it will for the pneumatic system when used in the building under consideration. After that time the DDC system will save money compared with the pneumatic controls. Another simple calculation shows that for a three-year payback the DDC energy saving need be only 5.7%, an e

Personal Values Development Paper -- Ethics Morals Personal Narrative

Personal Values Development Paper Personal values and ethical standards are almost like your DNA, individually yours. There are so many people with different values and ethical standards that there may be some that are similar to yours, however, I believe that there are no two exactly alike. People's ethics and values are instilled by one's culture, background and environment. In my family, traditional values were very important to our upbringing. The concepts of religion, family, unity, honesty, and education were instilled at an early age. We were taught to obey and that the first duty of a child was to make our parents proud. I learned very early in my life about diversity, being one of six children brought up by the same set of parents and in the same environment with the same values how differently our values and ethics are. As far back as I can remember my parents instilled into us that religion was the uttermost important thing in life. First was God and church then your family, every night we were reminded to say our prayers, to pray for our family, friends and those less fortunate than us. Without fail every Wednesday we attended bible study and every Sunday we attended church service. If for some reason we failed to come home on time to make bible study we were not allowed to go out or talk on the phone until we attended Sunday service or if we failed to make it to Sunday service we were not allowed to go out or talk on the phone until we attended Wednesday night bible study. As children we had no problem attending services, however as teenagers my two older brothers and I started to have a little bit of a problem with this attending church twice a week thing. I remember accusing my parents of chuffing r... ...to the business owner of our family run business. And due to all the various types of responsibilities associated with each occupation, my personal values have gone through some adaptability or you may say maturity. Which in part has made me the person I am today, I strive to impart good working values on to my employees by doing to them what I would have wanted someone to do for me. By example I strive to be an honest, compassionate, and trust worthy business manager and family member. By no means am I perfect, believe me my family would vouch for that, however I do strive to instill into my nieces and nephews the same values and morals that my parents instilled into us. And everyday I strive to improve in each area just a little bit more, if I can help one person become a better person in my lifetime then my parents have succeeded in raising a good person.

Haruki Murakami’s Short Stories Essay

Haruki Murakami pens many a short story about a disenchanted character walking through life without much of a reason to be there. His protagonists share a sense of isolation from the other characters; their siblings, significant others, parents and coworkers all fail to get through to them in their different quests to find answers to life’s most important questions. Example: why did a strange man appear at the foot of my bed and lead to my eventual inability to get a good night’s sleep? The literal isolation of the characters from meaningful relationships creates an overarching sense of isolation in the mood of the stories, making the reader too feel as though no one understands them. The protagonists of each of Murakami’s stories share a sense of loneliness and disconnect with the people around them. In â€Å"Sleep,† the protagonist is a woman who has inexplicably lost her ability to sleep. This leads to her discovery of her disinterest in her life. The mundane aspects of her marriage, her relationship with her son, her duties in her everyday life, all become suddenly and horribly apparent to her. However, she does not feel propelled to tell her aforementioned husband or son about her problems with sleep. â€Å"Neither my husband nor my son has noticed that I’m not sleeping. And I haven’t mentioned it to them. I don’t want to be told to see a doctor. I know it wouldn’t do any good. I just know. Like before. This is something I have to deal with myself. So they don’t suspect a thing.† This inability to share experiences with family members illustrates the general attitude Murakami creates within his stories. Obsession with things separate from the self is very apparent in Murakami’s work. â€Å"The Kidney Shaped Stone that Moves Everyday† is a short story in which the protagonist himself is a short story author. Junpei’s own life experiences, in particular his father’s advice that only three women in a man’s life have real meaning to him, informs a story Junpei himself writes, about a doctor who finds a stone that eventually overtakes her life: â€Å"She is engaged in hurried coupling with her lover one evening in an anonymous hotel room when she stealthily reaches around to his back and feels for the shape of a kidney. She knows that her kidney-shaped stone is lurking in there. The kidney is a secret informer that she herself has buried in her lover’s body†¦ The lady doctor grows gradually more used to the existence of the heavy, kidney-shaped stone that shifts position every night. She comes to accept it as natural. She is no longer surprised when she finds that it has moved during the night†¦ After a while, it becomes increasingly difficult for her to take her eyes off the stone, as if she has been hypnotized. She gradually loses interest in anything else.† These excerpts from the story illustrate Junpei’s inability to rid himself of the advice given to him from his father, and in a way illustrate a person’s inability to let things go, how small things like stones grow to large sizes inside of us, and when we try to cast them away, it is not always easy to rid ourselves of them. â€Å"Having cast away the stone, she feels a new sense of lightness. The next day, however, when she goes to the hospital, the stone is on her desk, waiting for her.† This metaphor is a two-layer cake (excuse the metaphor to explain a metaphor!) in which the top layer is, of course, Junpei’s inability to let go of his father’s possibly misguided advice, and the bottom layer is our culture’s inability to unplug the phones, and get off the internet. Social networking digs inside of humanity to create a deep addiction that cannot simply be cast away. Nearly all of Murakami’s stories use a sort of emptiness in the life of his characters to show the effects of the narcissism of the modern age on people and their loss of faith, disconnection from family and friends and the general sense of loneliness. The isolation in Murakami’s work is an elegant metaphor for the isolation social networking creates in modern day society. The hilarious juxtaposition between being just the touch of a button away from someone, whilst being incredibly far away from them at the same time, is shown in Murakami’s character’s inability to truly connect with his or her families. This loneliness and disconnect is created by showing a deep-set misunderstanding between the characters and those around them. In â€Å"Sleep† the protagonist feels unable to share her problems with her family partly because of the fact that previously, people did not notice her going through major turmoil, â€Å"I lost fifteen pounds that month, and no one noticed. No one in my family, not one of my friends or classmates, realized that I was going through life asleep.† She believes that her family truly will not notice, or understand her predicament. She does not want to go to a doctor, because she believes her problem to be something she must go through alone. While this belief that she should not see a doctor could arguably be seen as misguided, it stems from the sense of isolation she already feels from the world. In a certain way this character is invisible to her family. They see her everyday, they quietly appreciate the meals she prepares for them, how she keeps the house for them, but they do not understand the deeper aspects of her personality, or so she feels. The protagonists in Murakami’s stories often feel as though no one in their lives truly knows them, or understands the way that they are feeling. The elegant metaphors in Murakami’s stories hit readers where we least like to be hit. They outline the aspects of our culture’s narcissistic obsessions with the self. Self help books, carefully, obsessively groomed profile pages, meticulously managed comments, and continuously growing corporations all geared towards making a better ‘you.’ For this essay I specifically addressed two of Murakami’s stories, â€Å"Sleep† and â€Å"The Kidney Shaped Stone that Moves Everyday.† These two stories exemplify the aspects of isolation in Murakami’s work, and how that isolation bakes the double layer cake, with the top layer the general goings on in the stories, and the bottom layer the overarching themes of narcissism, and cultural collapse. Pessimistic viewpoint and objectifying attitude towards women aside, Murakami weaves a tight tapestry that is certainly beautiful to look at.

Love and Family Essay

The short story â€Å"Eveline,† by James Joyce is a story of a young girl who must make a decision between an unhappy life that she is familiar and comfortable with and a life of possible happiness, love, and the unknown. If she leaves with the sailor she has become fond of, she would have the chance to run off to unknown fun, unlimited dreams, and the possibility of love, or the possibility of a life of solitude. If she chose to stay with her father who was abusive and unwilling to change his ways, she would most certainly have a life of predictability and unhappiness. This made life with Frank sound more appealing. Also, Eveline had made a promise to her dying mother to take care of the home and her younger siblings for as long as she could. She would have to go back on her promise. Could she break a promise to her dying mother? The neighborhood she lived in was predictable and comfortable. She knew everything about it. As hard as the decision was, Eveline made the right decision to stay with her family because she is afraid to fail. Although Frank was a sailor that promised fun, dreams, and the ability to be happy, he could never make Eveline completely happy without love. When they would meet in secret she would always have fun with him. He made her happy. They would go to shows and he would sing to her. He made her feel special, which was something Eveline yearned for. Frank was mysterious. He told her stories of the many things he would do on his travels. He told of how he traveled through the Straights of Magellan and of when he had fallen on his feet in Buenos Ayres. His stories were always elaborate and often seemingly unbelievable at times. He told her he would take her to Buenos Ayres; this is where they would live happily ever after. He had a house waiting for her, he told her. She would be his wife. He never actually told her though, what would become of them or how they would survive. She knew Frank could give her life, but only perhaps love too. Eveline was not in love with Frank. At the end of this short story when she tells him good bye her eyes showed him no sign of farewell, or recognition, or love. When she decided to stay, Eveline knew what the rest of her life had in store with her family. Eveline was comfortable with her family and knew what to expect for the rest of her life. She had food and shelter. Her father was abusive and demanding but, he was always there for her and her family. One time when she was sick he read her a story and made her toast by the fire. This shows that even if his actions don’t always prove it, he cares about her and loves her. She would have to give up her family to stay with Frank because her father did not like him. Once her father had quarreled with Frank, after that she had been forbidden to see him any longer. She loved her family. It would be too difficult to give up on her family to be with a man she did not love. If she failed she would not have her family. Eveline never wanted to disappoint anyone in anything she did. If she left she would even disappoint her dead mother. Eveline had made a promise to her dying mother, on her death bed, the night she died, to keep the house together for as long as she could. This was hard for Eveline, but she knew it must be done. Eveline was the only person who could take on the task of caring for her siblings after her mother had passed away. Her father was often in a bad way, and would become violent with everyone that he came in contact with. Eveline would give all her money to the family for what they needed and wished she could give more. If Eveline stayed she would have to continue to work hard to keep her family together, but it was familiar and did not threaten failure and loneliness. She knew what was expected of her and knew she could do it. She would go to work, come home, and take care of her family that was her routine. Eveline was comfortable. She would work hard to keep her family together. She would not fail and she would forever be able to stay in the house she was familiar with and loved. Eveline was so accustomed to the neighborhood she lived, it had become comfortable. This was where she had grown up. She used to play in the streets and she knew everybody. She even knew the sounds of the people walking down the street, like the familiar footsteps clacking on the pavement of the man in the last house on his way home. She knew the familiar smells of the area. She was fond of the smell of her house. Eveline often mentioned the familiar odor of dusty creatone. Everything in the house was familiar and she had wondered at times if she would ever see them again. She had never dreamed of being divided from them. She was unsure if she could leave and not come back. She would never be able to see these things again. This was something Eveline could never face. Eveline was a weak woman brought down by a man all her life. Eveline made the right decision by staying because she had no idea what was ahead and was too afraid of failure. The risk of failure was too real. There were no promises of success. Eveline realized she only had one family and if you turn on them you have nobody left. If she were to fail with Frank she would have to fail alone, she than would have nobody to be there to help pick up the pieces. She would never again have the familiar sounds in the street, the house she grew up in, or her family. She would have to break a promise she made to her dying mother. Eveline did not believe it was worth the chance of failure. Eveline made the right decision to stay with her family.